The aging of Canada’s population, a demographic phenomenon that’s well underway, may profoundly affect Canada’s economy including the well-being of our senior population.

As such, income support for seniors has been a focus of government policy. Indeed, according to the 2021 federal budget, Ottawa plans to increase in the Old Age Security (OAS) benefit beginning in 2022 (in addition to a onetime $500 payment to OAS recipients over age 75).

There are two main government-funded income support programs for seniors—OAS, which is the main program, and the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS). The OAS is a monthly payment to Canadians 65 or older with the payment calibrated according to the individual income. Individuals earning incomes above approximately $128,000 (2020) have their entire OAS payment clawed back in taxes. The GIS is a monthly payment to people 65 and older who receive OAS benefits and have incomes below specific thresholds.

The number of seniors eligible for these income support programs is expected to grow dramatically with the aging of Canada’s population.

Specifically, the number of OAS beneficiaries is projected to double between 2019 and 2060 while the number of GIS beneficiaries is expected to increase by 63 per cent over that period. This growth reflects a projected doubling in the number of people 65 (and over) in Canada from 2019 to 2060, with the most substantial share of this projected growth occurring between 2019 and 2035. Indeed, by 2060 approximately 25 per cent of Canada’s projected population will be 65 or older compared to 17.4 per cent in 2019.

If no substantive changes are made to these two programs, Canada’s chief actuary projects that total combined spending on the OAS and GIS programs will increase by 400 per cent between 2020 and 2060. Of course, Canada’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will also increase over this period. Nevertheless, the ratio of spending on income support-to-GDP will reach 3.12 (expressed as a percentage) in 2035 compared to 2.77 per cent in 2020.

As with any government program, the opportunity cost (essentially, the loss of potential gain from other alternatives) of these income support programs for seniors is the foregone spending on other public or private goods and services. Within the envelope of government expenditures targeting seniors, foregone expenditures on health-care services are particularly salient given the disproportionate use of medical services by seniors. In this context, current expenditures on income support programs for seniors are about 50 per cent larger (in dollar terms) than the sum of federal government transfers to provinces and territories to fund basic health-care insurance programs.

Given the larger amount of federal government expenditures on income support program for seniors compared to transfers to provinces and territories to help pay for basic health care, simple arithmetic says that any absolute transfer of dollars from income support programs to health care will have a greater percentage impact on health care. Equivalently, any absolute increase in federal government expenditures on income support will have a relatively more substantial negative impact on health-care expenditures.

The main takeaway?

Absent increases in taxes or federal government deficits, which raise additional money for public spending, the projected growth of spending on income support programs for seniors may crowd out government spending on basic health care and other services critical to seniors. Clearly, this and other possible policy challenges associated with Canada’s aging population merit more attention from policymakers than they current receive.