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  1. Fiscal Explosion: Federal Spending on Indigenous Programs, 2015–2022

    Previous studies published by Fraser Institute have documented the remarkable long-term rise in federal spending on Indigenous programs since the end of World War II. Since the election of the Liberal government headed by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in ...

  2. First Nations and the Petroleum Industry—from Conflict to Cooperation

    There are many signs of growing cooperation between First Nations and the oil and gas industry. Production of hydrocarbons on reserve land is economically important to dozens of First Nations. Although a few First Nations opposed the Northern Gateway, TMX ...

  3. Promise and Performance: Recent Trends in Government Expenditures on Indigenous Peoples

    If better-funded government programs were the answer to Indigenous poverty, we would have seen the results by now. Between 1981 and 2016, federal spending on Indigenous programming was multiplied by more than four times, yet the gap in the average ...

  4. Cartels and Casinos: First Nations’ Gaming in Canada

    In 1985, Parliament amended the Criminal Code to give the provinces jurisdiction over gambling. The provinces have used their new jurisdiction to create cartels for their own profit, in which they are either the owners of licensed casinos or take a large ...

  5. Squaring the Circle: Adopting UNDRIP in Canada

    The United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous People (UNDRIP) was approved by the United Nations General Assembly in 2007. Its most controversial feature is a call for “free, prior, and informed consent” (FPIC) by Indigenous peoples before ...

  6. Gaining Ground, Losing Ground: First Nations' Community Well-Being in the 21st Century

    In May 2019, the Government of Canada released the tables for the Community Well-Being Index (CWB) based on the 2016 census. This provides an opportunity to revisit the issue of First Nations’ standard of living and quality of life. Some First Nations ...

  7. Property Rights and Prosperity: A Case Study of Westbank First Nation

    First Nations people living on Indian reserves are the most disadvantaged segment of Canada’s Indigenous population. Yet the situation is not all bleak because some First Nations are finding a path toward prosperity. Scholars, like journalists, often ...

  8. How First Nations Benefit from Pipeline Construction

    The highly visible opposition of some British Columbia First Nations to pipeline construction has created the impression that all Indigenous people are opposed to resource development. That impression, however, is false. Forty-three First Nations and ...

  9. Wealth of First Nations (2019)

    A higher standard of living for First Nations is a priority for Canadian policy makers. To achieve that goal, it is important to know what works and what doesn't. The Wealth of First Nations provides empirical evidence, based on the achievements of ...

  10. The Costs of the Canadian Government's Reconciliation Framework for First Nations

    Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has made reconciliation with Indigenous peoples a leading objective of his government. This publication attempts to identify the budgetary costs of the policy measures associated with Trudeau’s “Reconciliation Framework,” as ...