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  1. Prime Ministers and Government Spending: Updated 2021 Edition

    Per-person federal program spending (adjusted for inflation) reached $17,121 in 2020-21, by far the highest level in Canada’s history. Non-COVID-related per-person spending in 2020-21 was $11,165. Moreover, federal spending is estimated to reach ...

  2. The Price of Public Health Care Insurance, 2021

    Canadians often misunderstand the true cost of our public health care system. This occurs partly because Canadians do not incur direct expenses for their use of health care, and partly because Canadians cannot readily determine the value of their ...

  3. The Lifetime Tax Burden for Canadians from Federal Debt Accumulation

    Federal debt has risen substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic and is projected to continue rising for the foreseeable future. Large deficits come with costs and Canadians will have to pay for our borrowing today through additional taxation ...

  4. Interest Cost Risks to Government Budgets

    This essay calculates the change in government interest costs and budget balances if interest costs return to their 2019-20 levels. Estimates are calculated for 2021-22 gross debt levels for each of the provinces and the federal government. ...

  5. Fiscal Lessons for Atlantic Canada from Saskatchewan

    COVID-19 and the related economic recession have thrown governments across Canada into varying degrees of fiscal peril. In Newfoundland & Labrador, the challenges of rapidly increasing debt and large deficits have created perhaps the largest fiscal ...

  6. Caution Required When Comparing Canada’s Debt to that of Other Countries

    The federal government continues to rationalize its debt-financed spending based on international comparisons showing Canada with the lowest level of debt in the G7. Of the two broad measures of debt, gross debt includes most forms of debt while ...

  7. Canadians Celebrate Tax Freedom Day on May 24, 2021

    In 2021, the average Canadian family will earn $124,659 in income and pay an estimated $48,757 in total taxes (39.1%). If the average Canadian family had to pay its taxes up front, it would have worked until May 23 to pay the total tax bill imposed on it ...

  8. Measuring Ontario’s Regional Prosperity Gap

    By global standards, Ontario is a prosperous place. Ontarians enjoy living standards and access to opportunities that are the envy of much of the world. However, within its own economic region, Ontario is an economic laggard. This bulletin ...

  9. Atlantic Canada's Precarious Public Finances

    Canada’s four Atlantic provinces—Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland & Labrador—face long-term threats to fiscal sustainability. COVID-19 and the resulting economic downturn has only added to these challenges. Further, ...

  10. Comparing Economic Performance in Five Pre-Recession Periods

    This study contrasts the economic performance in the last five pre-recession periods: 1986–1989 (Mulroney), 1997–2000 (Chrétien), 2005–2008 (Martin-Harper), 2011–2014 (Harper), and 2016–2019 (Trudeau). It includes multiple measures for income, labour, and ...